The cry of humanity Essay Example for Free

The cry of humanity EssayMany nation often cry for this word in some parts of their lives. People express their craving for this entity in different manners such that protests and silent rebellion can be counted as examples of human face of the desire in attaining freedom. People may seem to be so vuln whileble when it comes to freedom that they tend to freak out whenever their freedom is being contain by other(a) people, say p atomic number 18nts or government leaders. I, being a member of the human society also cry for this at times. I am pleading to have my allowance be increased during my high school days and I do not want anyone to hinder my joy in my party life with my friends. Moreover, I want to have my own kitchen and my room so I am free of making my own sandwich with no one to share and ask for the nth time around, why are you still eating? granting immunity for me is act of being free to do things whether it is effective or bad. Freedom only differs with the w ords that are tagged to it say for academic freedom, spiritual freedom and political freedom.Academic freedom is something that can be related with the right of every child to be sent to school and receive the essential information about life and sciences. Nowadays, technology is in its further however, numerous people especially the youth are not receiving it due to poverty and some terrorism attacks in their country. Political freedom on the other hand, is the appropriateness of the rights and privileges received by each member of the society. When girls are not allowed or permitted to enter politics due to the patriarchal norms of the country, she is experiencing political depression.Spiritual freedom goes with the ability of every person to express their creed without persecution and judgment from others. It is the moment of freely obeying what is in ones doctrines with the practices of a religion or a sect. Faith An grammatical construction of Freedom From the time of Moses , when the Israelites are still slaves by the Pharaoh Ramesis, they are not capable to see the reality that there is a true God away from the statues and walls of the pyramids or palaces. They were just sendn the idea that gods can transform stick into snakes but not with some interventions like setting them completely free.Moses actually had doubts the graduation exercise time he has been called by God at the burning bush and had Aaron to talk for him, as it was commanded by the One who talked to Moses. It was when they believed that there is a far make better life than serving the Egyptians. They were able to escape them through the guidance of God hence they were able to head for the Promised Land that is full of flowing milk and dulcorate that is Canaan, for instance. Christianity is one of the most populated religions in the world. Apparently, most of the societies follow by the practices and the traditions of the said religion.They perceive men would be the best leaders f or the society therefrom sometimes giving no chance for women who have potentials also in leading the church. I now of a church that do not give an account in letting their women preach for they believe in the abilities of men. Society has been a part of molding the beliefs of every people in the world. Since it is composed of many different parts like norms, values and ethics, one may not be so shocked that people really have different blame of views on things.Luckily, there are passionate people that give time in studying them. Freedom in choosing a religion is more prevalent during our time since there were already people who fought for it during the early 15th to 17th century. The battle of being recognized as people with strong and distinguished faith is not a problem anymore. There may be different religions that can be seen else where like Catholic, Protestant, Buddhist and Muslims, but we are lucky complete to have the chance to get the religion that suits our lifestyle .Perhaps will not be our passes to eternal life, but it is our faith that separates us from others and with that, we will be nutriment with those standards as long as we are alive. Speaking our freedom Mass media is a source of information that gives us the idea of the current events in our country. Whether intelligence service pertains to celebrities or politicians or calamities, the existence of the developed broadcasting or journalism is a big help in easing some of our lifes problems.During some points in the martial law, and dictatorial presidency or leadership of some leaders in the world, the news and public affairs of those were put into a shut, giving no opportunities for them to report the true and correct occurrences in their country. Those people who will rebelliously report the anomaly will be soon in the death bed with a bullet on their head or chest part. Ellis obviously gave his points of view regarding this matter. He cited some examples that can give us the idea of what freedom of delivery is.The give upation of ideas were detailed hence it gave me the feeling that media should not be oppressed for telling the truth. It should be fought for instances of government abuse. Freedom of speech doesnt only occur on the broadcasting part of the society but also in the inner communities wherein the normal people lives. It is the way people express their ideas with no hesitations and no other people that would tell them what to do. It does not necessarily mean going with the opposite flow of the norms but rather, it is an opportunity to summate more treasures in the mind bank of every civilizations.For sure, there are many beliefs that are outdated and can not be applied to the present situation of the world. With that, presentation of ideas is necessary to solve some of the troubles at a certain time. Ideas are best presented with no hesitations, but I agree that it is a healthy way of enriching a bodys mind through some exchange of ideas that c an actually get into a conclusion that resolves the sheath yet, both parties had their own time for shining, explaining their point of views.Questioning may be a good sign of comprehension thus signifies the impact of the thing that we are after. Freedom for both As many people have argued and died for religion and freedom of expression, we must note that we are fortunate that we were born in an era where we no longer have to battle with guns and swords for it like the gladiators and the cowboys before. Having them establish at this point will bmake it much more easier for us to choose what is right rather than seeking for it or founding a new one.Both religion and speech are parts of our lives that our essential in our beings. Religion, as we all know has the idea of god or gods that direct our path to what we think is right. It may show us the best way to do things in their right place and time. While speech is a channel of ourselves that help us be known by others. It is very im portant that we are able to fight for them thus our rights for living may not be suppressed also. There may be instances that people will contradict what we believe in but it is very important that we truly know what we are standing and living for. Life is a matter of believing and striving for some realizations.ReferencesFreedom of Speech Reader Feedback and Response. Retrieved 14 July 2008 from http//blog. tomevslin. com/2006/02/freedom_of_spee_1. html Hurd, Michael J. 2008. Judge Joseph Lieberman by his Ideas, Not His Religion and Race. Retrieved 13 July 2008 from http//www. capmag. com/article. asp? ID=716 Thomas Jefferson. 1999. Freedom of Religion. Retrieved 14 July 2008 from http//etext. lib. virginia. edu/jefferson/quotations/jeff1650. htm

Famous Botanist Francisco Hernandez Essay Example for Free

Famous Botanist Francisco Hernandez EssayDuring the time of 1700 hundreds many artist made their way to spain to seek pop out what they believed to be an art form but done in garden designs. So many people thought that this was a great cause and belived that this was they were meant to do for life.Francisco like other believed that this was the way to go so he to set to become a famous garden designer and soon he got his gaze and was sent for by the duke of Earl. It took many years to establish a good working condition with his boss so he just continued to hurl his best at what he did which was deisgn the most beautiful garden that you would have ever seen.For many years it wqould be difficult for him to do anything else vbut design because that is all(a) he thought about all day. In the winter it wouod prove to be cruel to him but he weathered the storm and kept set ahead with what he was doing and that was to creat the perfect garden fro duke. Many times the duke became fr ustrated with his work that he should have never sent for and this made Frncisco so in truth unhappy to where he put his all into what he was doing even more so but this was not enough until one day he ultimately decided to tell his boss that he was to ask him to send him back home.

Filipino Psychology Essay Example for Free

Filipino Psychology EssayArts in the Philippines stgraphicsed even before the colonization of the country. It has different handle and expressions which argon most(prenominal)ly religious. In any way, these native arts are on the verge of being lost now since the masses are wholly focused on foreign cultures forgetting their induce. Painting Filipino painting as a whole can be seen as an amalgamation of many heathenish influences, though it tends to be more Western in its current plaster cast with Eastern roots. Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as beforehand(predicate) as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga-sanga Cave, Sulu and Laurente Cave, Cagayan. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the country. Early Filipinos started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors and at astir(predicate) the same time as the Thais as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology. Further evidences of painting are manifested in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the Painted People of the Visayas.Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies dress up their bodies in various colored pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranao who are well kn proclaim for the Naga Dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or Kings House. Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th deoxycytidine monophosphate Spanish period.The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravi ngs, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th, and 20th blow produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light. Early modernist painters, such as Damian Domingo, were associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo showed a trend for political statement.Artist such as Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artist such as Fernando Zobel used realities and abstract on his work. In early 80s other unique folk artist exists, one of these is Elito Circa as amang pintor, the famous Filipino folk painter. He uses his own hair to make his paintbrushes, and signs his name with his own blood on the right side of his paintings. He create his own styles without professional training or guidance from masters. Literat ureThe literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Mexican and Spanish period. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, Filipino, Tagalog, English and other native Philippine languages. whatsoever of the well-known Filipino literatures are Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Florante at Laura, Ibong Adarna and among others which are still being studied by Filipino students nowadays.Dance Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Carinosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles. Music The early medicament of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a varie ty of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries.Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukelele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres.Many Filipino musicians have raised prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his flag-waving(prenominal) themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music. Architecture The Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo) is the mainstream form of caparison. It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood.Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as hood thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy season. Regional variations include the use of thicker and denser roof thatching in mussiness areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by angulate wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. The Spaniards introduced stones as housing and building materials.The introduction of Christianity brought European churches, and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities. Spanish architecture can be found in Intramuros, Vi gan, Iloilo, Jaro and other parts of the Philippines. Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples. The Coconut Palace is an example of Philippine Architecture. Contemporary architecture has a distinctively Western style although pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas.American style suburban-gated communities are popular in the cities, including Manila, and the surrounding provinces. Cinema The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of necessitatemaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovery of film as a raw medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature.In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the soul of reality in its film industry. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences. The 1950s saw the counterbalance golden age of Philippine cinema, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activeness in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad.Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. By the 1960s, the artistry established in the anterior years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films. The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes.The films in this period dealt with more serious t opics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romanticistic comedy, adult, comedy and action films. The Philippines, being one of Asias earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia.Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007. The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again realize nationwide recognitio n and prestige. II. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION.The sense of freedom that goes with the realization that psychological science need not be imported from the United States of America brought new vigor, new meanings, and new directions for Philippine psychology. An intriguing redefinition of psychology itself is foreseen with the Filipino psychologists growing interest in the arts. Imbued with dynamism and a commitment to indigenous Filipino psychology in music and the arts, Felipe de Leon Jr. led the Sikolohiyang Pilipino movement as the fifth president of the association, promoting consciousness in peoples arts.De Leon distinguishes peoples art from specialist art. The first includes traditional, indigenous, ethnic and folk art. To be sure, peoples art exist everywhere in the country, especially among our rural and urban populations whose commandment is more or less synonymous with the life process in the community rather than with the artificially structured, essentially theoretical, mental learning that occurs in a formal setting such as a school. It is an art integrated in myriad ways, with everyday concerns, interests, functions and activities.Specialist art on the other hand, is a product of the individuals who received formal schooling and training in liberal arts, fine arts, literature, music, dance, drama or film in schools. Folk art reflects the sentiment of kapwa and is a rich source for understanding the Filipino worldview. The openness, as well as the present gradual development of mass-based artists whose aesthetic interests lie in show the peeks, depths, hardships and aspirations of contemporary Filipino life undoubtedly touch on pakikiisa, the highest level of kapwa psychology.Delineating the Filipino psychology and worldview is a contribution towards liberationby not but describing the Filipino outlook as seen in his arts, in his behavior and culture, but in moving him to action on the basis of his own worldview and on his own terms. The surge of interest in the arts changes the self-image of the Filipino psychologists themselves and, perhaps, even their identity. After all, it can be argued that psychologists must move closer to art not in order to avoid psychology but precisely to approach its very core.

The Diverse Features Of Classroom Discourse

The Diverse Features Of Classroom deal position textbooks and side schoolroom interaction atomic number 18 important aspects of side of meat pedagogy and learning. The aim of this ponder is to draw out the diverse features of schoolroom word or interaction with a condense on the spoken dialogue consisting of different linguistic materials in relation to the textbook. The depth psychology of classroom discourse is a actually important form which classroom process question has taken. The present study foc employs on secondary (9 and 10) English Textbook (EFT) and English Classroom Discourse.English is increasingly becoming the dominant federal agent for the development of a country as the choices and opportunities in education, technology and global trades and business ar being dominated by it. Nurturing a nations socio-economic development sternly requires creative and adaptive landforce with English language proficiency. However, achieving the control and master y in English is quite a challenging task particularly in Bangladesh, a developing country. After four decades of independence, Bangladesh is yet to formulate a clear policy for the status, handlings and teaching of English at both academic and genuinely spiritedness contexts. The country is struggling to produce a generation posing high level of acquisition and proficiency in English. Such situation necessitates reorganizing the live textbook, curriculum, teaching methods and all other consideration of English.English call for to be recognized as an essential work-oriented skill that is needed if the employment, development and educational of necessity of the country are to be met successfully. English should, on that pointfore, be taught as something to be utilise, rather than as something to be gurgleed about. (NCTB, 1996 135-136)The best way to study the English textbook and the classroom interaction is Discourse Analysis. Bringing discourse analysis into the language c lassroom brooknot be reduced exclusively to the adoption of a series of tonic categories and analytical techniques.It requires the teacher, in the first place, and the educatees, subsequently to look at their teaching and learning task in a very different way the chief(prenominal) focus of study is not language but conversation. (Cots, Joseph Maria, 1995). there is increasing awareness among linguists that discourse analysis inevitably involves analyses of meanings arising from the combination of multiple modes of communication. The evolving multimodal pedagogic surround for teaching English as a exotic language (TEFL), among other communicative contexts, calls for a sociable, semiotic, and linguistic explanation.Discourse is, in very frequently innocent words, defined as the language in use (Cook, 19896) where discourse analysis is concerned with the the analysis of language in use (Brown and Yule, 19831). A discourse is a set of meanings through which a group of people co mmunicate about a particular topic (merriam-webster). There is no agreement among linguists as to the use of the term discourse in that some use it in reference to texts, while others claim it denotes speech which is for instance illustrated by the following definitionDiscourse a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or record (Crystal 199225).The relationship mingled with language and the contexts in which it is used is referred by discourse analysis. Language form as well as language functions are examine by it with a close turn over towards both spoken course and written text. It brings out the linguistic aspects that identify different genres as well as social and cultural factors that assist in our interpretation and understanding of different texts and types of speech or conversation (Weihua Yu). Both language and education stir busy in discourse analysis. Especially when the aim of the study is to study the discourse of secondary English textbook that is written discourse, and classroom interaction that is spoken discourse. There have been only a few attempts towards discourse analysis of either textbook or classroom interaction or of both. In Bangladesh there is no such attempt to be noted with a view towards the key items. Though there are some influential works in the national of discourse analysis, they hardly contribute in the direction and development of secondary English Textbook and Classroom Interaction.1.2 Why Discourse Analysis of Textbook many a(prenominal) enquiryers have compared EFL textbook translation of a certain buns language structure with the language occurring in authentic, everyday situations (Gil more 2004 Biber and Reppen 2002 Barbieri and Eckhardt 2007). Perhaps not surprisingly, these studies showed that textbook descriptions of target language structures in many ways do not correspond to the literalization of these structures in the naturally-occurring written and spoken discourse. (egedin, 2007)Textbooks comprise a primaeval instalment in the educational process providing the basic sources of information to learners, especially at basal school. Textbooks teach the subject content and other issues such as social and cultural topics as well as the values and beliefs of society (Hasan, 2008). Textbooks, to some extent, are written in accordance with the policy of the educational system in the country concerned. Accordingly the dominance of the textbook seems to be associated with the educational policy of a certain society, especially when classroom practice is determined by a national curriculum.Textbooks govern almost all classroom practice. They are useful educational tools for both learners and teachers as they have been designed along the lines of current research and approaches (Hasan, 2008). Textbook is used by the learners to organize their learning process by a variety of metho ds and strategies in order to perform tasks and activities in terms of lexical, grammatic and cultural progression. It is the communicative approach which continues to advocate the use of tasks based on spoken and written material. By providing an affirmative structure, the textbook gives pupils instructions, guides their practice and facilitates their learning and because ensures a meaningful and reliable environment. On the other hand, according to Hasan teachers depend on the textbook as they do not have time to put on and adapt material for their classes. And again, they find it extremely difficult to develop new material and they might face external pressure which may restrict them from doing so (Hasan, 2008). Therefore, teachers have a propensity to use a textbook as a main source of information and assistance. They move through it lesson by lesson leaving, however, complete scope for supplementary material (Hasan, 2008).It is discourse that helps us in understanding how s ubstantial people use real language in real life situation, as opposed to studying artificially created sentences (Weihua Yu). It is therefore of immediate interest to language teachers because we need to consider how people use language when we design teaching materials, or when we engage learners in exercises and activities aimed at making them proficient users of their target language, or when we evaluate a piece of commercially published material earlier deciding to use it (Michael McCarthy, 2002).It is, therefore very important to contemplate the discourse of the textbooks to draw out the exposed and hidden elements existing in it. It helps understand how much does the written elements worth serve the needed requirement. Again the discourse of the textbook of English, with a focus on secondary level, should be analyzed very sensitively to view whether these are quite good to supply needed materials to our education, necessary communication skill development and later to bring about necessary changes. English is a foreign language in Bangladesh and some cultural and social diversity and obviously difference from our mother tongue have always hinder the development of good communication skill though given enough effort. So it is very important to review the entire process and product whereby discourse analysis may play a big(p) role.1.3 Why Discourse Analysis of Classroom InteractionClassroom interaction analysis involves the use of an card scheme consisting of a finite set of preselected and predetermined categories for describing certain verbal behaviors of teachers and students as they interact in the classroom (B. Kumaravadivelu, 1999).The first language classroom research of Bellack et al (1966) is traditionally considered as a pioneering study within this tradition. The study offered a simple description of classroom discourse involving a four-part framework 1) structure, 2) solicit, 3) respond, 4) fight down (Dick Allwright Kathleen M.Bailey, 1991 98).Through a detailed description and analysis of the collected data by referring to Sinclair and Coulthards classroom discourse analysis model, the problem of patterns of the classroom discourse is do clear and on the basis of which a few strategies for secondary English teachers are put forward by the author in order to amend secondary English teaching and learning. speak language is the most vital form of language as well as let outing -the key skill of communication. Since spoken language is the medium by which much teaching takes place and in which students demonstrate to teachers much of what they have learned (Cazden, 1987, cited from Wittrock, 1988), the application of discourse analysis to classroom interaction may contribute a lot in the second language teaching and learning by ensuring teachers close view toward the real life language using cap business leader of the students, to develop them and development of the exposures. Nunan remarked that If we want to enr ich our understanding of language learning and teaching, we need to spend time tone in classroom (Nunan, 198976). Development of both quantity and quality matters of the students are possible by the application of Discourse analysis in the textbook and classroom interaction.Meaning making of classroom interaction has been attempted by different scholars from diverse point of view. The discursive turn pop the questiond these scholars with theoretical and methodological frameworks that enabled them to examine the cooperative construction of meaning closely (ADGER, 2001 ANWARD, 1997 BLOOME et al., 2005 CAZDEN, 1988 EDWARDS WESTGATE, 1994 MEHAN, 1979 PELEDELHANAN BLUM-KULKA, 2006 THOLANDER ARONSSON, 2003 VARDI-RATH, 2002 YOUNG, 1999 WELLS, 1999) in multicultural educational settings (EDWARDS, 1999 HYMES, 1997) (Irit Kupferberg, Sarah Shimoni and Esther Vardi-Rath, 2009). Meaning making of classroom interaction requires the discourse analysis of classroom interaction as well as of the textbook.Failed communication is a joint responsibility and not the fault of talker or listeners says researchers of communicative teaching the way successful communication is an accomplishment jointly achieved and acknowledged (Jack C. Richards and Theodore S.Rodgers, 2000 77) It is the teachers responsibility to organize the classroom as a setting for communication and communicative activities (Jack C. Richards and Theodore S.Rodgers, 200078). In recent years, turn-taking, questioning and dressing, dialog of meaning, and feedback are considered are important aspects of classroom interaction (Chaudron, 198810). Because second language learning is a highly interactive process (Richard and Lockhart, 1996138) and the quality of this interaction is judgment to have a considerable influence on learning (Ellis, 1985, cited from Richard and Lockhart, 1996138). In second language classrooms, learners often do not have a great number of tools, teachers questions provide necessary steppi ng stones to communication (Brown, 1994a 165). Questioning is reported as one of the normally used strategies, as the success of a class more often than not depends on questioning and feedback. One reason, as Mercer (Candlin Mercer, 2001245) states, is that they form the most frequent model of teacher-student talk in the classroom, in terms of the model described by Sinclair and Coulthard as Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) exchanges.1.4 The Relationship of Textbook and Classroom DiscourseIn view of the arguments stated above, textbooks continue to play a major role in classroom interaction despite the controversial debate on their significance. Hutchinson and Torres (1994), for example, consider the role of the textbook in teaching and learning and in the process of change. They challenge the anti-textbook view and argue that the textbook has a vital and positive part to play in the everyday job of teaching and learning English (especially at elementary level) and that the text book becomes even more important in periods of change. They call for a closer link among textbook creation and professional teacher readiness (hasan, 2008).FL textbooks in use today reflect significant changes in design and content with the advent of the language program (Bragger Rice, 2000, p. 110) in contrast with those in use just forty years ago that were dominated by vocabulary lists, seemingly random grammatical topics, and controlled exercises (Heather Willis Allen,2008). More fundamentally, however, it is because they are a teachers best instruments to ascertain the quantity and quality of language used in the classroom. The problems which are going to be mainly investigated here are the discourse of second language that is English textbook and patterns of classroom discourse at secondary level in Bangladesh. Because two of the most common land ways in which L2 teachers engage in interaction with learners is by way of asking questions and providing feedback, and these d eserve some consideration (Holland and Shortall, 1997104), with a in depth view to in these it can be expected to have an improved L2 teaching-learning in our country.Textbook and classroom interaction have a significant influence on each other. According to the textbook the classroom interaction is generally originated, flowed and ended. On the other hand classroom interaction has good motivation toward ensuring the good execution of the skills and others necessary elements of textbook.Secondary education is a very significant level of formal education because it is the level whereby either the preparation for the next stage is governed or the necessary vocational or technical ability is developed in a profound manner. The context specified here is secondary English classroom. English is not our second language rather it is our foreign language and it is of a great importance here. In Bangladesh, with the development of society and international communication, more and more importa nce has been attached to English teaching and learning.Secondary education graduates with good command of English language knowledge and competence are needed in our country to attain the aim of our education. As the fundamental aim of secondary English education is to foster communication skills and international understanding, it is of great interest to analyze their English classroom and textbook discourse in order to improve teaching and to make learners proficient users of English. The need to attain the curriculum determined aims and objectives it is required to be skilled in the four communicative expertises with good proficiency in the textbook which includes perfection in classroom interaction.1.5 Objectives of the study1.5.1 General ObjectivesTo analyze the discourse of English textbook of secondary (9, 10) level.To analyze the discourse of Classroom interaction.To compare among the classroom interactionTo compare the conversation of the textbook and real classroom interac tion.1.5.2 Specific ObjectivesTo analyze the conversation of the textbook English For Today(9-10) by drawing out the-Initiation-Response- Feedback/ implement of the conversationsTurn-takingCohesion and coherenceTo analyze the discourse of Classroom interaction to draw out the-The teacher initiated interaction.The student initiated interaction.Initiation-Response-Evaluation/Feedback/Follow-up of the conversations initiated by the teacher.Students Initiation (Non-Verbal)- Teachers Response-Students Initiation (Verbal) of the conversations initiated by the students.To compare the ratio of teacher initiated and student initiated interaction.To compare among the classroom interaction of the -Grade-1, Grade-2 and Grade-3 Schools.To compare the IRF and Turn-Taking of conversation of the textbook and real classroom interaction.1.6 Some important key termsFrom the works of Cameron, Working with Spoken Discourse (2001, pp.87-98), Pridham, The Language of Conversation, (2001, pp.23-32), Brown and Yule, Discourse Analysis, (1983), Yule The Study of Language quaternary Edition (2010, p.124.127), Brown Yule, (1983, p.191-199) (cohesion and coherence), Prof. Hugo Bowles, (2008-09) and Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) the following terms and their definitions have been cited.1.6.1. I-R-E/F ModelThis is the modification or details of the IRF model of Sinclair and Coultherd. Sinclair and Coulthard (1975) developed a model for the description of teacher-pupil talk based on a hierarchy of discourse units. The language of the classroom differs from many forms of spoken discourse in that it is formally structured and controlled by one dominant party, i.e. the teacher. The Sinclair and Coulthards model was devised in 1975 and slightly revised in 1992. The classroom turn sequences typically have three parts rather than two. viz.Teacher initiation (I),Student reaction (R), followed byTeacher evaluation (E) of the response.Through understanding the I-R-E structures of whole-class lesson s, Researchers have come to important insights about teachers and students social roles and relationships inner(a) classrooms. In particular, the teacher, by evaluating what students say, assumes the right to control the talk. Also as initiator of the sequence, the teacher maintains the right to call on students and allocate turns in essence organizing and orchestrating the discussions. in spite of appearance this teacher controlled turn-taking, participation structure, students must have certain discourse strategies and skills to perform well (Cazden. 1983 Griffin Humphrey. 1978 Mehan. 1979 Sinclair Coulthard. 1975). Mehan (1979) notes that being right in the classroom requires a student to respond (R) to a teachers initiation (I) not only with the correct content but also with the correct interactional timing and communicative conventions otherwise the students response may be ignored, discounted, or not heard.There are eleven subcategories of teaching exchanges, one of which is eliciting exchange. To put it in detail, that is, the teacher raises a question, then the students answer it, and the teacher gives an evaluative follow-up before raising another question. The three moves that constitute an eliciting exchange are referred to as Initiation, Response and Follow-up. The three-move structure of an exchange (IRF) is commonly cited, and will also be the basis of data analysis. When a student replies the teachers question, the other students may not hear clearly sometimes. So the teacher needs to repeat the students words so as to make it clear to all the students. Whats more important is that the teacher should give feedback to the students answer, to show whether the answer is right or whether it is the answer expected by the teacher.1.6.2 Conversation AnalysisConversation proceeds on the basis of one turn after another. Turn belongs to a integrity speaker. But how do we know when it is our turn to talk. Turns are negotiated and renegotiated by parti cipants during conversation. Continual negotiation is a general feature of conversational organization.Turn-taking and turn constructional units (TCUs)TCUs are units of speech. The boundaries of these units are called turn transition relevance points (TTRPS). These are points at which intervention from another speaker is syntactically or semantically possible. At a TTRPThe current speaker selects the next speaker, or (if this does not operate)The next speaker self-selectsThe current speaker may continueRepair (simultaneous speech and silence)Participants will not usually talk at the same time. Simultaneous speech and silence are problems which need to be repaired. In simultaneous speech, one person usually wins the right to speak and be attended to by the other participants. When the turn taking rules (above) fail to operate, there is silence. Silence is a problem which needs to be repaired.Adjacency pairsSpoken interaction is often structured around pairs of adjacent utterances (ut terances which occur one after the other) in which the second utterance is functionally dependent on the first.Question-answer how are you? fine Greetings good morning good morningIn these sequences we expect the first part to be followed by the second part. If it is not there, we interpret it as rude, unfriendly or socially inept. Different types of questions produce different types of response. For example, a tag-question organizes a response relegate than an open question.Insertion sequencesThese sequences can be inserted between adjacency pairs. The topic of the insertion sequence is related to that of the main sequence in which it occurs and the main sequence continues after the insertion.Preferred and Dispreferred responsesThe preferred response to a proposal is acceptance, which can be performed without hesitation or elaboration. Agreement is a preferred response.The dispreferred response is refusal. It tends to be hesitant and elaborate (we often give reasons for a refusal) . Disagreement is also and example of a dispreferred response.Discourse markers (markers of interaction)These have the general function of moving the conversation on but they may have particular proposition functions, depending on the conversationto signal to the listener that the speaker wishes to continue speaking (a filler)to signal where the conversation is goingFor example, well may be used to signalise a) the opening of a conversation, b) that the speaker is about to say something which is in conflict with what has been said earlier.1.6.3 Cohesion and coherenceA sequence of sentences is a text when there is some kind of dependence between the sentences. The task of textual analysis is to identify the elements that cause this dependence. These elements are elements of cohesion (cohesive elements) and elements of coherence.A. CohesionThere are a number of categories of cohesive elementsConjunctive relationsWhat is about to be said is explicitly related to what has been said bef ore, through such notions as contrast (but, however, nonetheless), sequel (so, therefore, nevertheless etc.) and time (when after, before etc.).CoreferenceThese are features which cannot be semantically interpreted except by reference to some other feature in the text. They can be of two types anaphoric relations, which look backwards for their interpretation and cataphoric relations, which look forwards. References to assumed, shared worlds outside of the text are Exophoric References. Because they are not text internal, they are not truely cohesive, but because they are an equally important part of the reader/ listeners active role in creating coherence, they should be included in the analysis. interchangeSubstitution is when a cohesive element replaces a previous word or expression. Pronouns (I, me etc.) and words of personal reference (myself, yourself etc.) are examples of cohesion by substitution. ellipsisEllipsis occurs when a structure is omitted and can only be recovered from previous discourse.RepetitionRepetition is when an expression or part of an expression is repeated. This is very common in speech (see lesson on characteristics of speech). The repetition of tense and other syntactic patterns is very important for cohesion.ComparisonIn comparative cohesion something is always compared with something else in the discourse. Words of identity (e.g. same as), similarity (e.g. very like), difference (e.g. unlike) distinctness (e.g. totally different) are important for comparative cohesion. Something is always compared with something else in the discourseB. cohesionThe textual world (what the text is about) is made up of concepts and relations. Coherence concerns the way in which concepts and relations are mutually accessible and relevant. In other words, a coherent text is one which is easy for us to understand because it is easy for us to make a mental representation of it. Remember that it is possible for a text to be cohesive but not coherent. T he Faulkner text is full of cohesive elements but it is not easy to understand.1.7 RationaleDiscourse analysis has been used to understand a wide range of texts including natural speech, professional documentation, political rhetoric, interview or focus group material, internet communication, newspapers and magazines and broadcast media. There are many different types of discourse analysis such as conversation analysis, discursive psychology, critical discourse analysis and Foucauldian discourse analysis. Each of these has its own assumptions, ferocity and methods but the key overlapping interest is in the way meaning is constructed in communication. The motivation to this work was to compile a set of useful approaches to analyze the communication processes of textbook to draw out the materials and again the classroom conversation which means a lot to the teaching-leaning of ESL. Another very significant reason running(a) as a catalyst for the study is that there is hardly any wor k done in this area and this study, without any doubt can provide with legendary achievement for the stakeholders if done properly. It will facilitate the Language education of Bangladesh by providing with an example of applied discourse analysis. On the other hand this work will provide with a good document for further study regarding discourse analysis.As many classroom-oriented researchers have pointed out, it is only through a better understanding of classroom interaction processes that teachers can render their teaching more profitable for learners (Jamila Boulima, 199915). This study is significant in that it studies the textbook with a view to discourse analysis and also attempted to reveal the characteristics of classroom interaction that is most favorable for promoting learners English and has insightful implications for English teaching and learning. The aim of the present study is to develop the textbook writers and teachers reflective thinking about what goes on in the t ext and their own classrooms and to provide information for improving teaching and learning in secondary English classrooms.There are a number of approaches to discourse analysis, some of which are speech act theory, interactional sociolinguistics, ethnography, pragmatics and conversation analysis are the most important ones. (Brown Yule, 1983)This qualitative study examines spoken communication (talk/speech/spoken texts/spoken messages) between speaker (teacher/ student) and listener (teacher/ student) and written communication (conversation of the textbook) between the textual character. It stresses the need to see language as a dynamic, social interactive phenomenon. Meaning is conveyed not by single sentences but by more complex exchanges, in which the participants beliefs and expectations, the knowledge they share about each other and about the world, and the situation in which they interact, play a crucial part (Bowels, 2008-09).

A marketing analysis of a company

A merchandising analysis of a companyINTRODUCTIONAs a business consultant to curtsey and Lloyd, it is required to devise a market seting plan for their fast food business, Delicious Goodness. Before travelting into the depts of marketing concepts and principles, it is central to inform Bob and Lloyd as to what marketing is. According to Phillip Kotler, marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. It is the means in which management of a business goes about satisfying the needs and wants of consumers as a primary function of the business.MARKETING ANALYSISA marketing analysis of a company is a valuation into the type of market for the businesss products that argon available to consume. This investigation is done through a thorough investigate using marketing pricks such as PEST analysis, SPICC analysis and SWOT analysis which would ultimately result Bob and Lloyd to grasp an understanding into the type of market they wish to enter, making them aware of the possibilities of market growth or failure of the business and further implications on the potential of and the direction in which the business may be headed through identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the business. The marketing model of Wright, 1999 is shown in appendix 2 highlighting these analyses.PESTA PEST analysis was firstly conducted, as a measure of the macro environment of the business through the political, economic, social and technological aspects in which Bob and Lloyd may encounter.Although a recent change in governance, the government still encourages the role of small businesses in the economy. Bob and Lloyds business complies with the laws and can in that locationfore be easily approved as small company status. These laws are put in place to ensure that citizens are consequently benefited, for example it is required that the business im bibe use of locally produced raw materials, creating jobs for nationals and that the business moldiness be locally owned and controlled. Bob and Lloyd can also benefit of being privileged to assistance from the Business Development Company. The BDCs objectives are based on providing technical and financial support to small and medium businesses to empower growth and development whilst creating them to also be externally competitive. Additionally, government has reduced corporate taxes to 25% of the net earnings of small businesses, and has initiated entrepreneur of the year awards to encourage small business.The economics aspects such as exchange rates and inflation rates essential be considered in light of purchasing supplies that are not locally grown and in creating selling prices. Also, matters of diversity of income levels and wage rates, variances of ages and the patterns of consumption within chosen geographic celestial orbit to conduct business must be initially reviewed. Furthermore, the social features of the area must be studied, that is, the various types of races and religions practiced within area which would affect sales during certain periods of the year, such as Divali and Eid. The percentage of the grey market in area is also a concern, since the older folks would be more health conscious, however, Bob and Lloyd would be catering for those through providing grill foods. Technological factors are a necessity in business, Bob and Lloyd would have to settle for the rate in which technological advancements is occurring. Thus, constant improvement and updates would be required as of new processes.SPICCSuppliers of raw materials within area would not be an issue, since there are various wholesalers and farmers within district. The only main concern here would be to develop and maintain moral relationships with suppliers to ensure efficiency within the proviso chain. The business must also incorporate social responsibility within its local comm unity which would ensure sustainability and good reputation. There are no intermediaries complex in this firm customers can go directly into business and purchase. Customers satisfaction is most vital in marketing since they are the ones who have the power to make or break the business. Thus, customers satisfaction and behaviours must be closely studied when determining the type of fast food outlet. Competitors also play a study(ip) part in this market, there are galore(postnominal) fast food outlets within decided area, therefore Bob and Lloyd would have to come up with concepts of specialness (highlighted in appendix 3 via McKinseys 7Ss framework) that would make customers want to purchase from them.SWOT ANALYSISMARKETING SEGMENTOf the approximated 157,295 population of the San Juan area, about 60% is of the working population. collectible to globalization and the fast paced lives of persons, it is estimated that about 80% of the working population would eat out and about 8% of that 80%, at an average of 5033 persons per month would fluff themselves at Delicious Goodness in its first year. Since Bob and Lloyd show food for the health conscious and vegetarians, the targeted market is at ages 12-55. Bob and Lloyd would have a few local competitors since they specialize in a variety of foods.MARKETING OBJECTIVEBob and Lloyds objectives are focused on customer satisfaction, by ensuring customers get good values for their monies spent on products and, through the high levels of customer service and provision of after sales service capture a larger portion of market share in the short run. In the long run though, they wish to mature, innovate and multiply the business and compete at an international level.MARKETING MIXThis tool is used as a major concept in modern marketing it consists of Product, Place, Price, Promotion, People, Process and Physical evidence. Bob and Lloyd would provide a variety of high quality, mouthwatering dishes made by the finest ch efs in the region, targeting customers needs and wants. Place of the business is usually intended as a location of stratagem to both Bob and Lloyd and to consumers. The San Juan area is a very developed and fast growing region in all aspects. There are no major channels of distribution existing here but one, the customer directly goes into restaurant and purchase. Pricing of products is as per going rate of price as a result of the type of market, a market for fast food products. Though prices are set at this rate, Bob and Lloyd are still making dinero on each unit to cover other costs it is the only marketing tool which produces revenues. Promotion of products is major role in marketing, because it allows communication of and educating the human race of the products provided. Bob and Lloyds means of doing so was through direct marketing of handing out flyers, the traditional mic-man passing around the area, internet advertising through the Express paper classified as well as so cial networking through Facebook and twitter. In this case social networking is most effective as feedback is readily available, which is an important tool in building the business, and it is free. Delicious Goodness is set to be launched on 31st March, 2011 at the restaurants compound a short, formal opening ceremony is be after with expected featured guest, MP for the area, Dr. Fuad Khan, and an appearance by home-grown superstars H2O phlo to aid in gaining initial social status. Dr. Khan and the guys of H2O are good friends of Bob and Lloyd.People are the backbone of a company. With integrated networking practiced at Delicious Goodness, it allows participation in decision making, assistance in solving issues and overall building good team working. Thus, Bob and Lloyd would benefit in having motivated and reliable employees resulting in satisfied customers through high standards of services provided and great gustatory modality food. Additionally, the processes in which custome rs are serviced would be competent and professional, yet customer friendly oriented. The physical evidence would be the employees and the efforts put in place of creating a soothing, welcome and blissful ambience of the restaurant.BRANDINGThis is very important in this type of market since it distinguishes the qualities, appearances and tastes of the same products provided, by different suppliers, indeed allowing consumers to easily identify their natural selection of product. A suggested brand logo for Bob and Lloyds product is available in appendix 4. As an upcoming business in a market with many competitors it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd brand their products, especially since consumers would want to remember the brand as of first time tasting. It would also make the process of word-of-mouth of the product simpler, hence easily gaining greater market share and good reputation.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, it is recommended that Bob and Lloyd analyze the market from time to time with regards to the constant changes taking place in the economy. This would allow the business to flourish in the possible innovation and creations of food products, due to first-hand knowledge of the various changes occurring or it can also allow the company to brace itself if there should be a setback in economy.Word Count 1482 words

Merchant Of Venice - Plot Structure :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Show how the plot of The Merchant of Venice is plain fanciful only in reality exactingly structured.The Merchant of Venice is a fairy tale. There is no more reality in loan sharks amaze and the Lord of Belmonts will than in Jack and the Beanstalk.H. Granville-Barker, in Prefaces to Shakespe ar. This is one way of looking at the play, reading it or enjoying the performance. But it can be a contradiction to our actual feelings slightly this complex play. The Merchant of Venice might appear to be a romantic tale without much logic but that would be a superficial interpretation. Portias father may have raised our concerns in taking away her freedom to choose her beloved loan sharks bond and those conditions may better most legal codes but the way the play moves takes one beyond these doubts and objections. In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare creates an interesting separate between the mercantile and tumultuous city of Venice and the peaceful and gracious mankind of Belmont. The striking difference between these two settings helps to capture and maintain our attention. There are differences in the value of systems of the people belong to the two different cities. The contrast between Venice and Belmont is that one place is where money is made and the other where it is spent. One is characterised by light and sunshine and the other by moonlight and music. Wealth is described in almost sensuous terms like when Salerio saystouching but my naughty vessels sideenrobe the roaring waters with my silks.And in an ironic way later love is talked about in commercial terms. some other contrast is presented when the scenes shift from Venice to Belmont. When we hear of Shylocks hatred and his terms of the bond, our anxiety builds. But then the play moves on to Belmont and the mood shifts from a ramify of harshness and tension to a world of romance and graciousness. The most striking contrast is between the court room scene in Act IV and the opening scene of Act V which takes place on a starlit, romantic night in Belmont. Venice could also be a sort of a disguise for London. Venice is poised between Christians on one hand whose acquisitive practices do not match up with their protestations against usury and Jews on the other whose dealings rest on the double pillars of utility and Levitical Law Shylocks attitude to money is contrasted with that of the Christians.Merchant Of Venice - Plot Structure Free Merchant of Venice Essays Show how the plot of The Merchant of Venice is apparently fanciful but in reality exactingly structured.The Merchant of Venice is a fairy tale. There is no more reality in Shylocks bond and the Lord of Belmonts will than in Jack and the Beanstalk.H. Granville-Barker, in Prefaces to Shakespeare. This is one way of looking at the play, reading it or enjoying the performance. But it can be a contradiction to our actual feelings about this complex play. The Merchant of Venice might appear to be a romantic tale without much logic but that would be a superficial interpretation. Portias father may have raised our concerns in taking away her freedom to choose her beloved Shylocks bond and those conditions may violate most legal codes but the way the play moves takes one beyond these doubts and objections. In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare creates an interesting contrast between the mercantile and tumultuous city of Venice and the peaceful and gracious world of Belmont. The striking difference between these two settings helps to capture and maintain our attention. There are differences in the value of systems of the people belonging to the two different cities. The contrast between Venice and Belmont is that one place is where money is made and the other where it is spent. One is characterised by light and sunshine and the other by moonlight and music. Wealth is described in almost sensuous terms like when Salerio saystouching but my gentle vessels sideEnrobe the roaring waters with my silks.And i n an ironic way later love is talked about in commercial terms. Another contrast is presented when the scenes shift from Venice to Belmont. When we hear of Shylocks hatred and his terms of the bond, our anxiety builds. But then the play moves on to Belmont and the mood shifts from a sort of harshness and tension to a world of romance and graciousness. The most striking contrast is between the court room scene in Act IV and the opening scene of Act V which takes place on a starlit, romantic night in Belmont. Venice could also be a sort of a disguise for London. Venice is poised between Christians on one hand whose acquisitive practices do not match up with their protestations against usury and Jews on the other whose dealings rest on the double pillars of expediency and Levitical Law Shylocks attitude to money is contrasted with that of the Christians.

Life of Blondie :: essays research papers

Blondie was the most commercially successful band to emerge from the much-vaunted punk/new motion movement of the late 70s. The group was formed in New York City in August 1974 by singer Deborah Harry (b. July 1, 1945, Miami), formerly of Wind in the Willows, and guitarist Chris Stein (b. January 5, 1950, Brooklyn) out of the remnants of Harrys previous group, the Stilettos. The lineup fluctuated over the next year. Drummer Clement Burke (b. November 24, 1955, New York) joined in May 1975. Bassist Gary Valentine joined in August. In October, keyboard player James Destri (b. April 13, 1954) joined, to complete the initial permanent lineup. They released their first album, Blondie, on Private Stock Records in December 1976. In July 1977, Valentine was replaced by bluff Infante.In August, Chrysalis Records bought their contract from Private Stock and in October reissued Blondie and released the instant album, Plastic Letters. Blondie expanded to a sextet in November with the additio n of bassist Nigel Harrison (born in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, England), as Infante switched to guitar. Blondie broke commercially in the U.K. in March 1978, when their cover of Randy and the Rainbows 1963 hit "Denise," renamed "Denis," became a Top Ten hit, as did Plastic Letters, followed by a second U.K. Top Ten, "(Im Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear." Blondie turned to U.K. producer/songwriter Mike Chapman for their third album, Parallel Lines, which was released in September 1978 and eventually broke them worldwide. " picture This" became a U.K. Top 40 hit, and "Hanging on the Telephone" made the U.K. Top Ten, but it was the albums third single, the disco-influenced "Heart of Glass," that took Blondie to number one in twain the U.K. and the U.S. "Sunday Girl" hit number one in the U.K. in May, and "One Way or Another" hit the U.S. Top 40 in August. Blondie followed with their fourth album, Eat to the Beat, in October. Its first single, "Dreaming," went Top Ten in the U.K., Top 40 in the U.S. The second U.K. single, "Union City Blue," went Top 40. In March 1980, the third U.K. single from Eat to the Beat, "Atomic," became the groups third British number one. (It later made the U.S. Top 40.)Meanwhile, Harry was collaborating with German disco producer Giorgio Moroder on "Call Me," the theme from the movie American Gigolo. It became Blondies second transatlantic chart-topper.