Vanillin: Physiochemical Properties, Production and Uses

Vanillin: Physiochemical Properties, Production and Uses Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is an important flavoring agent mostly used in beverages, pharmaceutical industries, food products, etc. Naturally present as a vanillin glucoside in vanilla pods and used as an intermediate in the synthesis of some drugs. Vanillin possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In the past, production of vanillin is very expensive and a very long process. Vanillin was obtained from the oxidation of lignin, or from ferulic acid pathway or some other pathways. The chemical production of vanillin from various methods had been described. The method used in this research is High selectivity in the oxidation of Mandelic acid derivatives and in O-Methylation of Protocatechualdehyde. The starting material used here was catechol and nowadays this method is used for the industrial production of vanillin. The method used was tiresome but produces vanillin in good yield. The analysis of obtained vanillin was done by using Thin Layer Chromatography and Infrared Spectroscopy. Infrared spectrum of obtained product and reference spectrum of vanillin were compared. The similarity of melting points of the obtained product and vanillin from literatures shows that the product obtained can be confirmed as vanillin. Introduction Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybanzaldehyde) is a main part of natural vanilla. It is a major flavouring agent used widely in the food and dairy products, beverages and pharmaceutical industries etc. It is an organic aromatic compound which contains three functional groups (aldehyde, phenol and ether). Vanillin is obtained from the beans or pods of Vanilla plant (Vanilla planifolia). Its origin is from the subtropical forests of Mexico and Central America. Mayan and Aztec civilizations are the first who discover the properties of vanilla. It was first extracted by Nicholas Theodore Gobley in 1858.1 Vanilla Planifolia Vanilla pods Vanilla beans In freshly harvested vanilla pods vanillin is binds with the ÃŽ ²-D-glycoside. Today vanillin is used in the preparation of many pharmaceutical preparations like Papaverine, Levodopa, Levomethyldopa and antimicrobial agent Trimethoprim and also for the production of herbicides and antifoaming agents. Vanillin also has properties like antioxidants and anti-tumor. Due to its aromatic properties it is widely used in the air fresheners, perfumes, incense and candle.1 Vanillin is extracted from the vanilla beans but due to its low natural production and high demand it is prepared by various synthetic methods like chemical synthesis, enzymatic synthesis etc.1 Physiochemical properties of Vanillin: Vanillin is a white crystalline powder which has a melting point about 820C. The purity is generally above 99.0% w/w on dried basis. Vanillin has a characteristic pleasant smell and taste for which it is widely used in the world. The boiling point of vanillin is about 1540C and its sublimation temperature is reported to be 700C. Vanillin starts to decompose at 1600C. Vanillin has a vapour pressure of 0.0022 hPa at 250C and 0.0017 hPa at 650C and saturated air has a concentration of 0.00029 % at 250C, corresponding to 18.0 mg/m3. The vapour density of vanillin is found to be 5.3 at 250C. Its apparent specific gravity is 0.6 kg/dm3. Specific gravity of vanillin is reported to be 1056 kg/m3 at 200C. Vanillin is soluble in water and its solubility increases with increasing temperature. Its solubility in water at 25Â °C was reported to be 10g/L. Vanillin was reported to be readily soluble in alcohol (ethanol). Also vanillin shows slight solubility in ethyl acetone, methanol, and diethyl ether. The Octanol/ Water partition coefficient was found to be 1.21 which indicates that vanillin is unlikely to bio accumulate. The pH of vanillin in water is 4.3. The phenol group of vanillin has a pKa value of 7.38. With increasing pH the molecule will lose a proton, become negatively charged and more soluble in water. Vanillin dissolves in dilute solution of alkali hydroxides.16 Production of vanillin: The production of vanillin is a very long and expensive process which involves large number of steps as well. The pollination of flowers has to be done manually as there is lack of natural pollinators. The flowers have to be pollinated within 24 hours to bear fruits. The vanilla beans require 10- 12 months to mature from the time of pollination. The matured vanilla beans are yellowish green, and are bitter in taste. The matured beans lack the characteristic vanilla flavour which only develops upon curing, which involves three steps. 1) Killing, the green beans are treated with variety of methods such as scalded with hot water, exposed to sun, wilted in the oven, scarred, treated with ethylene gas, or frozen to disrupt tissue integrity. The second method is the cheapest but most labour- intensive. In this step tissues completely lose their integrity, but still contains high amount of moisture which has to be removed by the sweating process. This step runs for 7-10 days, during moisture content of the beans reduced to 60- 70 %. After losing the moisture the beans turn dark brown in colour and start to develop their characteristic vanilla flavour. To reduce microbial spoilage and to concentrate the flavour, the moisture content were further reduced to 25- 30 %. After this step, the beans are stored in closed containers to reach their highest flavour content and then their conditioning is done either by hot water treatment or by sun drying.5 2) Process of curing and drying together requires 4-5 months. The cured beans pods may be covered with tiny crystals of vanillin. This coating is known as givre, which sometimes used as criterion for quality assessment.6 3) During the fermentation process, vanillin is released from its non-volatile glucoside by the action of vanilla ÃŽ ±-glucosidase on vanillin glucoside.3 Vanillin alone is not present in the extract of V. Plantifolia, some related phenylpropanoid (C3-C6) compounds [mainly p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(8.6%), vanillic acid (4.3%), p-hydroxybenzyl methyl ether (0.9%) ] are also present which gives the unique flavour to natural vanilla.7,8,9 However, vanillin has also been found to be present in traces amount in plants like tobacco, fruits and fruit products like orange, grapefruit, and tangerine. In mango, vanillin is present both as free vanillin and vanillyl glucoside. It is also reported to be present in elderberry juice, blueberries, orange juice, strawberries, passion fruit juice, leeches, and wines. It has also been found in diverse food products such as popcorn, extruded oat flour, apple cider brandy, commercial liquid smoke flavourings, mushrooms and chocolate.3, 10 Vanillin is added in the concentrations ranging from 1 to 26 milimolar in the food products which depend upon the nature of the product. Vanillin has a low flavor threshold value of 20Â µg/L in water at 20 Â °C.11Although more than 12000 tonnes of vanillin are produced each year only 1% of it comes from the natural sources and the rest are synthesized by chemical synthesis.12 Moreover, the high demand for vanillin and the fact that the vanillin derived from plants is relatively expensive ($1200- 1400 per kilo compared to synthetically produced which is

The James Wright Festival :: essays research papers

The James Wright Festival Part One   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading the poem entitled â€Å"Youth†, I felt that James Wright was not only describing the life of his father but also the lives of the many other factory workers in the Ohio Valley. Many of these workers had either dropped out of school or went straight to the factories after high school, never really getting a chance to enjoy their lives as young `````adults. I think that has something to do with the title of this poem. It’s clear that Wright knew his father and the other men were not satisfied with their jobs and just chose not to speak about it. These factory workers slaved away and then came home â€Å"quiet as the evening† probably because they were content to just be relaxing at home with their families. They knew that this was their way of life and they had to do it, even if they had big dreams to someday get away. I think that Wright was also trying to make a point that these men who worked so hard every day were not valued as much as they should have been. These men did not have the education to get a higher paying job but they did have the proper skills and knowledge to work in the factories. I like that James Wright mentioned Sherwood Anderson in this poem as I enjoy his work. Anderson left his Ohio hometown for Chicago to pursuit bigger and better things because he knew if he stayed in the area, he would be unhappy. However, it is a little ironic that Anderson one day just got up and left in the middle of writing and was said to have a mental breakdown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I can definitely see what Wright was communicating with this poem. I had a somewhat depressed feeling after reading it, but I don’t know how one could read this and NOT feel that way. I also felt a little sad because I have been around people like this all of my life. Family, friends, friends of the family- a large majority of these people worked in factories and in the steel mills. As a child, I did not realize just how hard working these people were but of course as I grew older I started to understand. No one really spoke of it, as Wright also expressed in the poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as what was important to me in the experience of the poem, I felt that the fact that I could actually relate was important. The James Wright Festival :: essays research papers The James Wright Festival Part One   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading the poem entitled â€Å"Youth†, I felt that James Wright was not only describing the life of his father but also the lives of the many other factory workers in the Ohio Valley. Many of these workers had either dropped out of school or went straight to the factories after high school, never really getting a chance to enjoy their lives as young `````adults. I think that has something to do with the title of this poem. It’s clear that Wright knew his father and the other men were not satisfied with their jobs and just chose not to speak about it. These factory workers slaved away and then came home â€Å"quiet as the evening† probably because they were content to just be relaxing at home with their families. They knew that this was their way of life and they had to do it, even if they had big dreams to someday get away. I think that Wright was also trying to make a point that these men who worked so hard every day were not valued as much as they should have been. These men did not have the education to get a higher paying job but they did have the proper skills and knowledge to work in the factories. I like that James Wright mentioned Sherwood Anderson in this poem as I enjoy his work. Anderson left his Ohio hometown for Chicago to pursuit bigger and better things because he knew if he stayed in the area, he would be unhappy. However, it is a little ironic that Anderson one day just got up and left in the middle of writing and was said to have a mental breakdown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I can definitely see what Wright was communicating with this poem. I had a somewhat depressed feeling after reading it, but I don’t know how one could read this and NOT feel that way. I also felt a little sad because I have been around people like this all of my life. Family, friends, friends of the family- a large majority of these people worked in factories and in the steel mills. As a child, I did not realize just how hard working these people were but of course as I grew older I started to understand. No one really spoke of it, as Wright also expressed in the poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as what was important to me in the experience of the poem, I felt that the fact that I could actually relate was important.

Ramsey S. Cotron

ORTHOPEDIC CONSULTATION Patient Name: Ramsey S. Cotron Patient ID: 023672 DOB: 03/15/—- Age: 2 Sex: Male Consultant: Jessie D. Smith, MD, Orthopedics Requesting Physician: Reed Phillips, MD, Pediatrics Date of Consult: 10/01/—- Reason for Consult: Infected Finger. HISTORY: Ramsey is an otherwise healthy 2-year-old Lebanese child who had an injury to the distal failing of his right middle finger the day prior to being seen. The patient is left-hand dominant. The patient was brought to Dr. Phillips of Pediatrics secondary to worsening redness as well as infection of the nail bed.Orthopedics consult was requested on 09/30/—- for possible paronychia. The patient at that time was having no fevers or chills and he was tolerating his antibiotic regiment well. PAST MEDICAL SURGICAL HISTORY: None other than circumcision shortly after birth. BIRTH HISTORY: Normal full-term vaginal delivery. FAMILY HISTORY: Non-contributory. SOCIAL HISTORY: Patient lives with his mother and a sibling, Father deceased. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: Ramsey is alert, oriented, playful, and in no apparent distress. The patient does have erythema surrounding the tip of his right distal failings, middle finger. There is mild purulent from the area.The area is minimally tender to palpation. The nail appears to be lifting off from the nail bed itself. He has good capillary refill and has good flexion and extension of that finger. (Continued) ORTHOPEDIC CONSULTATION Patient Name: Ramsey S. Cotron Patient ID: 023672 Date of Consult: 10/01/—- Page 2 ASSESSMENT: This is a 2-year-old male with paronychia. PLAN: Follow up with me at 9am tomorrow. Mother was given my pager number should the patient’s condition worsen overnight. I will be in touch with Dr. Phillips. _______________________ Jessie D. Smith, MD, Orthopedics JS: D:10/01/—- T:11/14/2012 C: Reed Phillips, MD, Pediatrics

Tablet computer technology

Tablet computer technology Introduction Tablets refer to mobile portable computers that embrace the most modern technology of touch screens. Such computers use the screen as the primary input mode though some have digital pens for data input. The screens are sensitive to touch and gravity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tablet computer technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tablet computer technology consists in the fact that large computer components are shortened ensuring that their size is considerably reduced compared to the laptops or desktops; their efficiency is enhanced as well. Hybrids are an improvement of the laptops since they have keyboards that can be detached from the main central processing unit. Slates, on the other hand, have an inbuilt keyboard engrafted in the system. Instead, slates wholesomely rely on the on-screen keyboard for the text input (Computers. n.d.). Comparison of selected tablets Ipad 2 It runs on a CPU with A 5 microchip dual core together with a display of 9.7‑inch LED-backlit Multi-Touch display with IPS technology, and a resolution of 1024Ãâ€"768, 132 pixels per inch. It weighs 613g and runs on a MAC X v10.6.8 operating system with a storage capacity of 64 GB. This gadget currently retails for $499 (Tabletpccomparison, 2012) Samsung galaxy note 10.1 This tablet runs on the latest android operation system (4.0 Ice cream sandwich). It has an internal memory of 16GB together with a quad core processor and a micro SD card slot for expanded storage of up to 50GB. It weighs less than 500g and operates on the technology of AMOLED display with a resolution of WVGA 800Ãâ€"480 and a detachable input pen. It retails for a price of $450 (Computers. n.d.). LG G-Slate V909 Its price is $366. It is run by a dual core processor with a speed of 1 GHZ dual core (NVIDIA Tegra 2 T250). Its internal capacity is 32 GB with a RAM of 2 GB and an approximated weight of 1.45 pounds. The machine is operated by an android operating system. Its screen resolution is 1,280Ãâ€"768 pixels. The gadget has a screen size of 8.9 inches and a display technology of thin film transistor liquid crystal display otherwise known as TFT technology (Tabletpccomparison, 2012)Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toshiba Thrive 10 Tablet The gadget costs about $400. It runs on the latest Android 3.2 honeycomb Operating system with a NVIDIA ® Tegraâ„ ¢ 2 Dual-Core Processor (1GHZ dual core). It has a 16 GB memory capacity with a display of 10.1 high-resolution widescreen with (1280800) pixels, LED Backlit, Multi-touch. Its weight is 10b. Sony Tablet S It runs on an android honeycomb operating system with a screen display of LED technology and 16:9 widescreen. The machine has a resolution of 1280Ãâ€"800 pixels together with a processor type: NVIDIA Tegra2 and approximated weight of 1 2b.The processor speed is 1GB. It has an internal storage capacity of 1 GB is sold at the price of $366. All the tablets discussed above are very powerful gadgets. As a student though, my preference is the Samsung galaxy phone. This gadget offers a unique range of qualities that corresponds to my needs and interests. The four chips provide very high speed along with the powerful display and the pen input system. As a student interested in graphic designs, it gives me a gadget with an unprecedented capability to develop my designing skills. The machine has a humongous number of applications, and is also relatively affordable. References Tabletpccomparison. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.tabletpccomparison.net/ Computers. (n.d.). Retrieved from eHow: https://www.ehow.com/

Free Essays on Momen Fast Food Chain Penetrating A New International Market

Mo’men International Marketing Research Plan A. Situation analysis: Definition of company & product. Mo’men is an Egyptian fast food chain, with branches all over Cairo, Alexandria and El Mansoura. The restaurant’s menu offers a selection of sandwiches, featuring mainly beef, chicken and seafood, in addition to an assortment of finger foods and side orders. B. Problem formulation. Mo’men is thinking of expanding internationally and is considering London, UK, for its new branch. The management needs to make a decision about the possibility of such a thing and how to proceed with the needed steps to make such a decision. C. What kind of information do we need. Generally, we need data to assess market potential and investment climate, as well as the risks and costs of operating in the UK market. The next step is to make an explicit evaluation of demand in the UK, specifically the London fast food market, which is important when considering initial market entry, because of the high costs and uncertainty associated with entering new markets. Consequently, the Mo’men management has to make an initial estimate of demand potential in the market. Secondary Data: Secondary data is particularly valuable in assessing opportunities in countries with which the management has little familiarity. We need secondary data to: 1. Develop estimates of demand in the UK, using lead-lag analysis and econometric forecasting models, but more preferably using surrogate indicators and barometric procedures. For the UK market, surrogate indicators are not appropriate, as they are useful in markets where little data is available, market potential is limited and relatively crude estimates will suffice. Barometric procedures, on the other hand, provide more precise estimates at both the aggregate market level and for specific market segments. 2. Assess the extent of market interconnectedness, using macroeconomic trade data, data concer... Free Essays on Mo'men Fast Food Chain Penetrating A New International Market Free Essays on Mo'men Fast Food Chain Penetrating A New International Market Mo’men International Marketing Research Plan A. Situation analysis: Definition of company & product. Mo’men is an Egyptian fast food chain, with branches all over Cairo, Alexandria and El Mansoura. The restaurant’s menu offers a selection of sandwiches, featuring mainly beef, chicken and seafood, in addition to an assortment of finger foods and side orders. B. Problem formulation. Mo’men is thinking of expanding internationally and is considering London, UK, for its new branch. The management needs to make a decision about the possibility of such a thing and how to proceed with the needed steps to make such a decision. C. What kind of information do we need. Generally, we need data to assess market potential and investment climate, as well as the risks and costs of operating in the UK market. The next step is to make an explicit evaluation of demand in the UK, specifically the London fast food market, which is important when considering initial market entry, because of the high costs and uncertainty associated with entering new markets. Consequently, the Mo’men management has to make an initial estimate of demand potential in the market. Secondary Data: Secondary data is particularly valuable in assessing opportunities in countries with which the management has little familiarity. We need secondary data to: 1. Develop estimates of demand in the UK, using lead-lag analysis and econometric forecasting models, but more preferably using surrogate indicators and barometric procedures. For the UK market, surrogate indicators are not appropriate, as they are useful in markets where little data is available, market potential is limited and relatively crude estimates will suffice. Barometric procedures, on the other hand, provide more precise estimates at both the aggregate market level and for specific market segments. 2. Assess the extent of market interconnectedness, using macroeconomic trade data, data concer...

Rehabilitation Engineering Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rehabilitation Engineering - Coursework Example al., 2012).   In the resultant clinical extension, various independent examiners have to categorize the performance of knee extension with accordance to IKDC. Here, 16 knees that have got deficits with regards to the range of motion should be rated by use of a generic goniometer as well as the measurement device for novel extension. The radiological dimensions of the knee expansion angles that should be restricted to the tibia and femur shaft is allowed to only have a systematic absolute error of about -5.2 +/- 1.9 degrees as compared to the lines established by the rotational centres. In an experimental setup, the average absolute deviations should be at around 3.92 +/- 1.41 with a goniometer and around 1.22 +/- 0.20 degrees when it comes to the other measurement device. Radiological knee extension measurements that are limited to the knee joint area systematically deviate from the total axis measurements with regards to bones. A goniometer that uses the tibia and femur bony landmarks is often s uperior in terms of accuracy as compared with the long arm and standard goniometer techniques (ADAM, MCDUFFIE, et. al., 2012).   Over a few decades, there has been a substantial improvement with regards to Knee replacement surgery, mainly due to improved methodologies and techniques, improved devices and improved conversancy of knee and function and physiology. More durable and successful knee replacement schedules have had a big effect on various clinical practices (DURIG, 2013).  GPs have to understand something on some of the advancements that have been attained as well as how the clinical practices have transformed as a result, specifically in the segment of patient selection and patient assessment surgery. GPs should have the ability of distinguishing between abnormal and normal progress after such a surgery. Knee Replacement refers to a surgical procedure whereby prosthesis or an artificial joint is used to replace a broken

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 30

Management - Essay Example Charles Investments, Molson Coors Brewing Company, and UCD’s Institute for International Business. Undeniably, globalisation has changed the nature of 21st century businesses all over the world. The world is becoming smaller by day with favourable tariffs encouraging cross-border businesses. Surprisingly, developing countries have followed suit in cross border businesses accounting for a significant percentage. Arguably, IMF predicts that in the coming few years’ developing countries will account for half of the global businesses. Advancement in technology has resulted to high-speed internet that has reduced the barriers of time and distance. Additionally, they have worked on their work environment to accommodate other cultures, other languages, and geographies. After reading the book the coming job war by Jim Clifton that describe a metric based economic model that links human nature in the work place, customer engagement, and business outcomes, IBM is considering adopting the approach. In addition, the talent masters by bill Conaty and Ram Charam has played an important role in shaping IBM. Marriott explains that IBM is working towards aligning its workforce to global opportunities a thing that will improve its productivity through development of creative leaders. In addition, this move will develop workforce skills with greater capabilities, collaboration skills, and with capacity to share knowledge. A great opportunity arises in creation of a workforce that mirrors the shift of an organisation form one level to another. IBM targets improved services to its customers, most of whom will be form outside the US. Arguably, today, 35% of IBM’s revenue comes from the US, with the balance coming from non-US countries. Projected target pr edicts that by 2017, the revenue coming from the US will go down to 23% and the one from the non-US increase to 77%, which encourages them to invest in other countries other than the