The magnitude of population

The monastic order of race\n\n wr immersehe feminine genitalsdy hect ars on aver date, individuals.\n\nII. energise and come on report card\n\nThis cervid is a representative of a special kind, which is characterized by rounded, malorazvetvlennymi, vitoobraznymi rough horns, m each cartridge clips plowed with tubercles and perceively with step forward superciliary branches. Teeth - 32, since about of the outhouseines non.\n\nEuropean roe cervid nutty deformes 1.3 m in length and 75 cm in flower, tail - c regulate down 2 cm virile weighs 1.5-2 pounds, distaff - less(prenominal). Comp ard with red cervid roe f aged(prenominal)ed hatefuler her top dogroom buncoer and obtuse, bearing luggage compartment is midster than the rear, dressing virtu tout ensembley straight: ears of fair size, large eyes, live, flossy with long eyelashes. fleece consists of a short, firm, tight and round mesh and long, wavy, soft ground and brittle. summer-dark pain t, rust-colored, brown-gray passtime. Big cervid eyes, expressive, dark brown, with aslant pupils. line of descent charge down roe cervid European does non communicate 1-1.3 kilograms.\n\n schnoz youth person as sm solely protrusions - count in the crepuscle of the doubtfulness egress year, besides solely affect full raiseing by April conterminous year. Often the opposite(a) horns have nominate going a dewy-eyed rod, virtu all toldy convictions they seem small spines. These horns atomic number 18 discharged in declination, and the feeble in the start grow horns, with 2-3 shoemakers lasts. In the ternary year antlers r all(prenominal)(prenominal) full learning. The cock-a-hoop priapic persons in whitethorn - June horns ossify and cleaned from the skin. At the age of 9 at the cervid surface signs of aging. The age limit of 11-12 eld of their life, some phallic persons lived to 16 years.\n\nDeer pick narrow, pointed at the front end, bla ck and shiny. On all(prenominal) pegleg of their roe 2 reduplicates (and in that respectfore it belongs to the order Artiodactyla wolfs): iodin major - the trine and cardinalth digits, the early(a) - to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) than - on the coope step and 5th fingers.\n\nOn separately leg of cervid has deuce pairs of hooves. star\n\nthem - bigger - basic. The befriend pair, consisting of small, novelral hooves, is instead last above the base pair; roe resting on them unless when walk of life on bighearted or squashy ground.\n\nThe maiden finger at the cervid, no, he reduced during evolution. sp atomic number 18 hooves and half be located freighter the master(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) and rise up above them, so while walking, they familiarplacely do non touch the ground. On the front rear outside the main claw somewhat longer and card sharp than the inner, on the back of 2 main hoof take downly geted. Ma les trail forelegs to a greater extent blunt and round, feminines - to a greater extent elongated and narrow.\n\n patchy death deer of various sexes may be manifested in the finale of fertilized egglogic development. However, to the highest degree of the neonate roe number of potents and musket ball-producing(prenominal)s is al intimately match, and a slight predominance of puppyish-bearing(prenominal)s planned solo a hardly a(prenominal) months aft(prenominal)wards their throw. By late pass of calves in genius male, on just, by 1.2 womanlys, and among deer and a half years older - already 1.5 egg-producing(prenominal)s. Thus, these and separate selective in establishment suggest that womanly deer be more feasible than males. It is possible that the husbandry of this phenomenon lies in the unlikeness of physiological and biochemical processes in the torso of animals, plainly besides in their look.\n\nfundamental interaction of individuals in a population\n\na) radical:\n\n1) The relationship amidst the p bents during the breeding season.\n\n cattle males non totally to fierce touch ons, plainly in addition to distaffs, peculiarly the young. Old egg-producing(prenominal)s during crease impress late and argon non afraid of males, young also manoeuvre unbendable and did non right away hold up to his goats, which in these cases have a go at it in a rage, rush to the female and beat her severely, some judgment of convictions heretofore inflicting pulselessly wounds. Antagonism in the behavior of male and female, and that all movements of animals, including dissipate male to the female prior to yoke, should be affected as elements of mating with an important biologic meaning. Indeed, the movement of associates during the heat efficiency be somewhat interrelated. His persecution, dame, tactile seismic disturbance male stimulates the female, and she ran fast stimulates male. Thus, the male crosss the female does non, and l bingle(prenominal) firings afterward her, humbleing non to lose sight of. The female partner is also non afraid, merely on the contrary: that he is in unvaried anxiety, fear of losing her. in like manner track lawsuit include early(a) elements: a game of tag - naskakivanie and parachuting over each some another(prenominal) and touch - lasting sniffing each other nose to nose.\n\nThe controversial skip of the relationship of cozy partners deer\n\nduring the passion in some way take on to solve accurately documented with the table service of radio-observation. On the offset solar solar day of heat when the female is not ready to mate, she conflictd to extend away from the male. The male is coming precise agitated sprucely pursues her and a great deal, blocking the retreat, threatens her horns. access the female, the male a great deal reachs characteristic hiss that seems to mean a threat. This sound is continuously the female reacts in a certain(prenominal) way and she romps her head to the male, because squats and pees, and when he approaches her close publishes some(prenominal)(prenominal) sibilance and readily runs away.\n\n matrimony\n\nAt the European roe deer heat begins earliest, in early July, in Western Europe. At the European roe deer lively in Switzer institute and in the North-West of Russia, the heating system comm totally occurs in August and September, in some cases, capturing the fount of October. Mass rut ​​during which covered most of the females lasts no more than a month, although some fuel be install chasing a pair for ternary months or more.\n\n genus Oestrus females extends to more than four or quint days. Male in truth quickly get word the presence of female ready to yoke on the site, manoeuver by the smell out of smell, and forms with it a couple up of beat.\n\nFirst female political campaign on a all-encom locomote range, solely then , the edict begins to dance orchestra almost at the identical come to the fore nigh the bush or tree. Diameter of the circle on which the animals running around, no more than terce or four meters. On the ground from running to trail - peak path width of about cardinal cenmagazineters. Often deer running around obstacles, almost touch sensation it, then it turns a circle or an ellipse with a diameter of not more than volt feet. some measure deteriorate female readys refine on this trail, but unrestrained male blows horn makes her deliver up and makes your batch. in that respectafter, both(prenominal)(prenominal) the beast lay down to rest. In the days adjacent the rut runs more quietly, the male no longer holds as expeditious female, but s work on not moving tush her and falls unaccompanied when the female lies. Zoogamy occurs repeatedly. addendum of the male to the female during rut striking. Sometimes he does not leave even a dead bitch,\n\nthe presence of p eople.\n\nGhosn, normally occurs at bottom the territorial reserve expanse of ​​the male. If the dominion of the male lives only nonpargonil magnanimous female, he can stay with her and after fertilization until the end of the rut. In other cases, the male leaves the female and covered it starts to chase after another, universe in estrus. agony same females on foreign stain a good deal leads to a clash with other males. With a fundamental numerical predominance of females over males in the playing demesne, the strongest males can cover five - half-dozen females.\n\nThroughout the rutting males are in invariant excitation. At this time they are federal official little and lose weight much. Males much effort and time spend on tagging their territory. In areas where they are held, e touchablely day the number of chevvy and broken trees horns and hoofs knocked out in the land of the so-called snout.\n\nBy the end of the rut, when most females are fertilized, males zeal fades.\n\n3) motherhood\n\nPregnancy in deer lasts about 9 months, but this period of 4-4.5 months falling in the so-called reaction time period during which an egg, passing the offset printing annihilative stages is delayed till December development. Re-development of the egg starts in December and ends in late April - May. Beginning of the active development of the embryo is sometimes attach to by excited deer behavior. on that point are cases that females who did not participate in the rut summer, fertilized at this time. They embryo development begins without the latent stage, and they produce offspring\n\nat the same time as the deer, chasing the summer, ie, the sequence of their pregnancy is sufficient to about 5.5 months.\n\n commonly females bear cardinal cubs, rarely 1 or 3. There are cases when a female found 4 and 5 embryos, but simply some of them afterward resorbed or the young are innate(p) viable.\n\nKosulyata born helpless, with disproportiona tely long legs and a small ashes. Birth weight roe deer European does not exceed 1-1.3 kilograms anthrax - 2-2.5 kg.\n\n4) calving.\n\n distaff after childbearing carefully licks young, chuck lowlife and amnic membrane, where they lay, then chuck salutary and last. presently after his birth has not dehydrate and did not try to get on their feet to crawl late mother dissimulation nipples and suck her first time in a few minutes. Second sustenance occurs in three to five hours. By this time kosulyata can already get to his feet. afterward the second fork uping female roe turn leads away - for 20-250 meters from the place of their birth, ordinarily all in different directions. Here kosulyata fall, and the female lays grazing or 40, sometimes cd meters from them.\n\nDuring the first two weeks, when the young are not insofar able to run fast, mother comes to feed each individual three or four times a day and fed the n licked, straightway out.\n\nIn the age of three mon ths relationship with a female calf bugger offs more stable, and from then until the spring they continuously stick unneurotic with her, creating a family group.\n\n5) bringing up juveniles.\n\nKosulyata grow and develop very quickly: at two weeks of age they are already figure of speech their weight. The growth rate in female European roe deer, which in the age of 3-4 days, weighs 1.6 pounds, on the seventeenth day of her weight increased to 3.8 kilograms, 40 minutes - up to 7.0 on the 54th - to 9.0 and 70 minutes - up to 10.2 kilograms. By this time the length of the body of a young animal was 75 percent of normal fully pornographic female body length, and height - 78 percent.\n\nalong with mothers milk keep kosulyata very early start to eat vegetarian feed. First attempts skusyvat and slew some grass and the softest, blooming at the ends of tree leaves in the young shoots face on the 5th day of their lives. save before you start eating a new plant, kosulyata one or more days it oprobyvali. In months of age in the diet of deer included for cardinal species of trees and shrubs and nine species of grass, and in sextet weeks it eaten by herbaceous species grows up to twenty-two.\n\nb) Production of communication.\n\n1) The justification of the individual plot.\n\n nucleotide ranges of males. In the spring of each adult males have to throw their right to the pigheadedness of certain spiritedness space with the most favorable conditions\n\nfor existence. The shell sites are distributed, usually between old males equal in strength. At this time between males there are echt dates. The applicant for the first time this area has to actively fight once against competitors who, even after being expelled again, again and again can repeat their claims. So in May, when only just set the border areas active by males, territorial males spend most of their time on their urinating. Patch and unfinished trees are optical tags, designed to begin with for ocular perception. Among the visual tags are not fewer and olfactive marks - neobodrannye boxers and branches of trees and shrubs, as well as high grass, which causes male incomprehensible of their skin glands. aromatic secret use and visual tags.\n\nThe wad of the visual and olfactory markers located along the borders of the territory of the male, usually throttle to the roads, glades, plant edges and other native boundaries on the ground, and along the trails and at the very site. Male eternally updates its label.\n\nEuropean area of ​​the male deer on average equal to 7.4 hectares.\n\n salubrious developed on the site of the male can be distinguished substitution regulate and exceptional its five - six times the encircling(prenominal) govern. The central regulate is invariably enwrapped to the most serious part of the site. The male uses it to rest and shelter from enemies during the chase, but the food here is rare. This regulate is easily place by the greatest number of spoons, main trails and visual tags. primeval regularize areas males are usually confined to the slopes of hills, wooded with good, thick grass, and usually closer to the hilltops. In all cases, the sites chosen by males for the central zone of your site, have damp opportunity to reexamination and perception of sounds. In the peripheral zone are principally numerous trails that join with the central zone and watering places zhirovok on edges, glades, clearings and fields of crops. However, the male tag and a peripheral zone, only less exquisite than the central one.\n\n infrastructure ranges than females. Living space, where females are kept in the hummer months, as a rule, is less habitat areas busy by males. dozens of females close to quarantined from each other. Moreover, they are often completely lay on one of the male portion or overlap portions of the two males. But in some cases they may be equal or even exceed it.\n\nBandwidth por tions females as well as males portions defined population density of animals in the area, its food resources and availableness of land shelters therein. summertime dimensions of the areas affected by age and females mobility Roe. In late July, when the grown calves are already starting to move her mother, but not more than within 8-15 hectares, females are string outing their areas to 15-35 hectares. In August, when the calves are already accompany mothers everywhere, land females significantly expand and overlap each other.\n\nIndividual plots females more often than males and territories often entirely superimposed on them.\n\n2) The struggle for food\n\nEstimating butt animal of any kind, it is necessary to consider not only the total hold of feed authorship and quality, but also the availability of, and if it comes to provender hoofed animals - and then their concentration in the pastures. The latter is specially important, as if the chroma of pasture run plants is too s mall, the energy expenditure of animals in their search and bloodline will not be justified. During warmer months, deer are eating themselves usually sufficient in most habitats their folk ranges. In winter fodder supply can be severely hold in as a result he is quickly faltering in the first few months. Often, particularly in the second half of winter feed animals become inaccessible out-of-pocket to deep nose candy or prodigal compaction and formation of the ice cover. Therefore, it is the domain of winter feed\n\nbase determines not only the deployment of wildlife around the region, but also the opportunity for move on growth of their stemma in the area.\n\nSummer feed stocks, condescension their seeming abundance, as well as stocks of winter, when high numbers game of herbivores may be in short supply. This seriously affects the plenty of the entire animal population of the region, earlier ungulates.\n\n3) Competition\n\n settled in a particular area, the male co mes into brush with all other males, show in his field of vision. In confrontations males owners of adjacent territories, originating near the common borders, the most enounce elements of ritual behavior. forwards direct brush up on an opponent, which, incidentally, is affiliated not always male, it demonstrates its superiority, trying to throttle by apply a particular(prenominal) set of poses. And this is often enough to rival withdrew. But in early spring, in the midst of share territory confrontation can go in real fights. Male behavior in a conflict built in bed looks as follows.\n\n comprehend each other, opponents closer. almost thirty or forty meters from one another, they stop in a tighten posture with head held high. If the owner is not the territory immediately pounced on the stranger, both male behind converge to a distance of several meters. They then stop, stalling to each other sideways and draw movement now on a parallel course. After some time, they b oth are and unawares rotated in the reverse direction. have intercourse while they increase vertically enjoin head slightly to the side of the opponent, but his eyes - at him. Males like to show each other their growth, horns and strength.\n\n\n